COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

BAB 6

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

1) Countable Nouns adalah kata benda yang dapat dihitung. Countable nouns dapat dibagi menjadi 2 bentuk, yaitu :

a. Singular (Bentuk Tunggal)
Contoh :
one month = sebulan
a ring = sebuah cincin
a chair = sebuah kursi
a table = sebuah meja
a letter = sepucuk surat
a book = sebuah buku
a pen = sebuah pulpen
an apple = sebuah apel
an umbrella = sebuah payung
a girl = seorang gadis

b. Plural (Bentuk Jamak)
Contoh :
one and a half months = satu setengah bulan
two rings = dua buah cincin
four chairs = empat buah kursi
two tables = dua buah meja
five letters = lima pucuk surat
seven books = tujuh buah buku
three pens = tiga buah pulpen
ten apples = sepuluh buah apel
many girls = banyak gadis


Ciri-ciri khas Countable Nouns adalah sebagai berikut :
- Dapat diubah menjadi plural (bentuk jamak)
- Dapat digunakan kata many,several dan some (beberapa) di depan kata depan bentuk jamak.
- Jika singular, harus menggunakankata kerja tunggal (verb to be : is atau was untuk kata benda/kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal. Sedangkan kata kerja harus ditambah –s untuk Simple Present Tense (bentuk waktu sekarang)
Jika plural, harus memakai kata kerja jamak (verb to be: are untuk Present Tense (waktu sekarang) atau were untuk Past Tense (waktu lampau). Sedangkan kata kerja tidak ditambah –s walaupun dalam bentuk waktu Simple Present.


2) Uncountable Nouns adalah kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung. Kalau menghitungnya diperlukan takaran,timbangan,meteran,ukuran dan sebagainya.
Contoh :
a cup of coffee = secangkir kopi
a piece of chalk = sebatang kapur tulis
a bottle of water = sebotol air
a loaf of bread = sepotong roti
two cups of tea = dua cangkir the
three pieces of chalk = tiga batang kapur tulis
four bottles of water = empat botol air
six loafes of bread = enam poton roti

Ciri-ciri khas Uncountable Nouns adalah sebagai berikut :
- Tidak dapat langsung diberi a atau an di depan kata-kata benda ini.
- Tidak dapat dijadikan plural (bentuk jamak)
- Untuk menunjukkan banyak harus digunakan kata much (tidak boleh digunakan many)
- Dalam kalimat yang menggunakan verb to be selalu dipakai is untuk Present Tense dan was untuk Past Tense.
Sedangkan dalam kalimat yang menggunakan kata kerja harus dipakai kata kerja + s dalam bentuk waktu Simple Present.

THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON

BAB 5

THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON

The Degrees of Comparison berjumlah 3 tingkat :
-The Positive Degree (Tingkat Biasa)
-The Comparative (Tingkat Lebih/Perbandingan)
-The Superlative (Tingkat Paling)


PENJELASAN
1) Kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu suku kata dan beberapa kata sifat bersuku kata dua dapat dibentuk Comparative dengan menambahkan --er atau --r dan Superlative dengan menambahkan --est atau --st.

a) Jika positive berakhir dalam dua huruf mati atau dalam satu huruf mati yang didahului oleh dua huruf hidup, --er dan --est ditambahkan, lihat contoh kata di bawah ini :
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Rich richer richest
Long longer longest
Small smaller smallest
Deep deeper deepest
Great greater greatest
Loud louder loudest
Poor poorer poorest

b) Jika Positive berakhir dalam satu huruf mati dan huruf mati itu di dahului oeh sebuah huruf vocal pendek, maka huruf mati terakhir digandakan kemudian ditambahkan --er dan --est. Lihat contoh kata di bawah ini :

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Big bigger biggest
Hot hotter hottest
Fat fatter fattest
Wet wetter wettest
Thin thinner thinnest

c) Jika Positive berakhir dalam --e , hanya --r dan --st yang ditambahkan. Lihat contoh kata di bawah ini :

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Nice nicer nicest
Fine finer finest
Wise wiser wisest
Brave braver bravest
Large larger largest

d) Jika Positive berakhir dalam --y , dan --y itu di dahului oleh huruf mati, --y diubah menjadi --I, lalu ditambahkan --er dan --est. Lihat contoh kata dibawah ini :

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Wry wrier wriest
Dry drier driest
Happy happier happiest
Busy busier busiest
Easy easier easiest

e) Jika --y didahului oleh sebuah huruf hidup, --y tidak diubah menjadi --I, tapi langsung di tambahkan --er dan --est. Lihat contoh kata di bawah ini :
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Gay gayer gayest
Coy coyer coyest
Grey greyer greyest
Lay layer layest

f) Kata sifat yang terdiri dari dua suku kata yang berakhiran --some, --ow , --le, --er ditambahkan --er dan --est. Lihat contoh kata di bawah ini :

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Handsome handsomer handsomest
Wholesome wholesomer wholesomest
Narrow narrower narrowest
Slow slower slowest
Noble nobler noblest
Clever cleverer cleverest


2) Kata sifat yang bersuku kata dua (yang tekanan suaranya jatuh pada suku kata awal) atau lebih, ditambahkan more untuk membentuk Comparative dan most untuk Superlative.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Famous more famous most famous
Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
Interesting more interesting most interesting
Necessary more necessary most necessary
Difficult more difficult most difficult


3) Ada beberapa kata sifat yang dibentuk dengan cara tak beraturan (irregular) untuk Comparative dan Superlative :
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
For former foremost, first
Bad worse worst
Good better best
Little less least
Much more most

4) Ada enam buah kata adverbs (kata keterangan) dalam bentuk Positive Degree, tetapi Adjective (kata sifat) dalam bentuk Comparative dan Superlative. Lihat kata di bawah ini :

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Fore further furthest
Far farther farthest
In inner innermost
Out outer, utter uttermost
Be neath nether nethermost
Up upper uppermost

5) Ada juga kata-kata sifat tertentu tidak dapat diperbandingkan :

Perfect
Unique
Supreme
Preferable
Natural
Right
Wrong
Etc.



PEMAKAIAN :

1) POSITIVE DEGREES (SAMA)
Apabila dua orang atau benda dikatakan sama dalam hal sifat tertentu, kita menggunakan Positive Degree dengan as………as, atau dengan ungkapan tertentu yang sama artinya.
Rumus : a) AS + POSITIVE + AS
b) NO LESS + POSITIVE + THAN
c) NOT MORE + POSITIVE + THAN
Contoh :
a) This girl is as clever as that.
b) This girl is no less clever than that.
c) That girl is not more clever than this.


2) COMPARATIVE DEGREES (LEBIH)
Apabila dua orang atau benda dikatakan melebihi salah satunya dalam hal sifat tertentu, kita menggunakan Comparative Degree.

Rumus : COMPARATIVE + THAN

Contoh :
1) This boy is cleverer than that.
2) Lisa is taller than her sister.
3) Jakarta is bigger than Surabaya.
4) Manila is farther than Jakarta.
5) This boy is more clever than that.

3) SUPERLATIVE DEGREE (PALING)
Apabila seorang atau sebuah benda dikatakan melebihi atau mengungguli semua orang atau benda yang lain yang semacamnya, kita menggunakan Superlative Degree dengan the………of.
Catatan :
a) Kalau lebih daripada dua orang atau benda diperbandingkan, bentuk Superlative harus dipakai.
b) Kata-kata sifat dalam bentuk Superlatif didahului oleh the dan diikuti oleh of atau in.
Rumus : THE + SUPERLATIVE + OF
THE + SUPERLATIVE + NOUN + IN

KETERANGAN : Yang dimaksudkan dengan noun dalam rumus kedua tersebut di atas adalah orang atau benda yang di dahului oleh kata sifat Superlatif.
Contoh : She is the tallest of all the girls.
He is the tallest of all the boys.
This girl is the cleverest of all.
Jakarta is the largest city in Indonesia.
Cairo is the largest city in Africa.
He is the cleverest student in his class.
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

BAB 4

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES

RUMUS : TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Kata kerja transitif mempunyai 2 voice :
1) Active Voice : Oorang, binatang atau benda yang ditunjukkan oleh subjek dikatakan
melakukan sesuatu pada sesuatu yang lain.
2) Passive Voice : Orang, binatang, atau benda dikatakan menderita sesuatu yang lain.

CONTOH :
SIMPLE PRESBNT

AKTIF                                                                                       PASIF


1) John bites Mary.                                                       1) Mary is bitten by John
2) John doesn’t bite Mary                                             2) Mary isn’t bitten by John.
3) Does Jon bite Mary ?                                               3) Is Mary bitten by John ?
4) What does John do ?                                                4) What is done by John ?
5) Who bites Mary ?                                                     5) Who is Mary bitten by ?
6) Who does John bite ?                                               6) Who is bitten by John ?


SIMPLE CONTINUOUS
1) John is bitting Mary.                                                 1) Mary is being bitten by John.
2) John isn’t bitting Mary.                                             2) Mary isn’t being bitten by John.
3) Is John bitting Mary ?                                               3) Is Mary being bitten by John ?
4) What is John doing ?                                                4) What is being done by John ?
5) Who is bitting Mary ?                                               5) Who is Mary being bitten by ?
6) Who is John bitting ?                                                6) Who is being bitten by John ?


PRESENT PERFECT
1) John has bitten Mary.                                                1) Mary has been bitten by John.
2) John hasn’t bitten Mary.                                            2) Mary hasn’t been bitten by John.
3) Has John bitten Mary ?                                             3) Has Mary been bitten by John ?
4) What has John done ?                                               4) What has been done by John ?
5) Who has bitten Mary ?                                              5) Who has Mary been bitten by ?
6) Who has John bitten ?                                                6) Who has been bitten by John ?


PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1) John has been bitting Mary.                                       1) Mary has been being bitten by John.
2) John hasn’t been bitting Mary.                                   2) Mary hasn’t been being bitten by John.
3) Has John been bitting Mary ?                                    3) Has Mary been being bitten by John ?
4) What has John been doing ?                                      4) What has been being done by John ?
5) Who has been bitting Mary ?                                     5) Who has Mary been being bitten by ?
6) Who has John been bitting ?                                      6) Who has been being bitten by John ?


SIMPLE PAST
1) John bit Mary.                                                            1) Mary was bitten by John.
2) John didn’t bite Mary.                                                 2) Mary wasn’t bitten by John.
3) Did Jon bite Mary ?                                                    3) Was Mary bitten by John ?
4) What did John do ?                                                     4) What was done by John ?
5) Who bit Mary ?                                                          5) Who was Mary bitten by ?
6) Who did John bite ?                                                    6) Who was bitten by John ?


PAST CONTINUOUS
1) John was biting Mary.                                                 1) Mary was being bitten by John.
2) John wasn’t biting Mary.                                             2) Mary wasn’t being bitten by John.
3) Was John bitting Mary ?                                             3) Was Mary being bitten by John ?
4) What was John doing ?                                               4) What was being done by John ?
5) Who was biting Mary ?                                               5) Who was Mary being bitten by ?
6) Who was John biting ?                                                6) Who was being bitten by John ?

PAST PERFECT
1) John had bitten Mary.                                                 1) Mary had been bitten by John.
2) John hadn’t bitten Mary .                                            2) Mary hadn’t been bitten by John.
3) Had John bitten Mary ?                                              3) Had Mary been bitten by John ?
4) What had John done ?                                                4) What had been done by John ?
5) Who had bitten Mary ?                                               5) Who had Mary been bitten by ?
6) Who had John bitten ?                                                6) Who had been bitten by John ?


PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1) John had been biting Mary.                                         1) Mary had been being bitten by John.
2) John hadn’t been biting Mary.                                     2) Mary hadn’t been being bitten by John.
3) Had John been biting Mary ?                                      3) Had Mary been being bitten by John ?
4) What had John been doing ?                                       4) What had been being done by John ?
5) Who had been biting Mary ?                                      5) Who had Mary been being bitten by John ?
6) Who had John been biting ?                                       6) Who had been being bitten by John ?

FUTURE
1) John will bite Mary.                                                    1) Mary will be bitten by John.
2) John won’t bite Mary.                                                2) Mary won’t be bitten by John.
3) Will John bite Mary ?                                                 3) Will Mary be bitten by John ?
4) What will John do ?                                                    4) What will be done by John ?
5) Who will bite Mary ?                                                  5) Who will Mary be bitten by ?
6) Who will John bite ?                                                   6) Who will be bitten by John ?

FUTURE CONTINUOUS
1) John will be biting Mary.                                             1) Mary will be being bitten by John.
2) John won’t be biting Mary.                                         2) Mary won’t be beingbitten by John.
3) Will John be biting Mary ?                                          3) Will Mary be being bitten by John ?
4) What will John be doing ?                                           4) What will be being done by John ?
5) Who will be biting Mary ?                                          5) Who will Mary be being bitten by ?
6) Who will John be biting ?                                           6) Who will be being bitten by John ?


FUTURE PRESENT
1) John will have bitten Mary.                                           1) Mary will have been bitten by John.
2) John won’t have bitten Mary.                                       2) Mary won’t have been bitten by John.
3) Will John have bitten Mary ?                                        3) Will Mary have been bitten by John ?
4) What will John have done ?                                          4) What will have been done by John ?
5) Who will have bitten Mary ?                                         5) Who will Mary have been bitten by ?
6) Who will John have bitten ?                                          6) Who will have been bitten by John ?


FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1) John will have been biting Mary.                                  1) Mary will have been being bitten by John.
2) John won’t have been biting Mary.                              2) Mary won’t have been being bitten by John.
3) Will John have been biting ?                                         3)Will Mary have been being bitten by John ?
4) What will John have been doing ?                                4) What will have been being done by John ?
5) Who will have been biting Mary ?                                5) Who will Mary have been being bitten by ?
6) Who will John have been biting ?                                 6) Who will have been being bitten by John.



REFERENSI :

ABC ENGLISH GRAMMAR
John Surjadi H.
Drs. S. Koentjoro
Drs.Manaf Asmoro Seputro

Interactive English Learning
Joko Koswara

Learning to use English 2
Arifiyanti Nugrahani
Ferenando

English for Communication
Brendan Heasley

Bahasa Inggris Sstem 52 M
Herpinus Simanjuntak

Complete English Grammar
M.J.Lado

Reported Speech (Direct and Indirect)

BAB 3

Reported Speech (Direct and Indirect)

Definisi         :

Reported Speech terbagi menjadi 2 yaitu :

1.       Direct Speech

Adalah kalimat langsung.

Contoh :      He says, “I love football”

                   They told me, “We went to rent your house”.

                   Mother  said, “Clean the bathroom”.

                   She asked,  “Where does he live ?”

2.       Indirect Speech

Adalah kalimat tidak langsung.

Contoh :      He says that he loves football.

                   They told me that they wanted to rent my house.

                   Mother asked me to clean the bathroom.

                   She asked me where he lived.

Perbedaannya : Dalam kalimat langsung (Direct Speech) menggunakan tanda baca koma (,) dan tanda kutip (“) sedangkan pada kalimat tidak langsung (Indirect Speech) tidak ada.

Direct and Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 bagian : 

1.       Statement
Adalah  sebuah kalimat pernyataan . dalam perubahannya  menggunakan “that”
Contoh :
a.       Direct    : He said, “I will come here.”
b.      Indirect   :  He said that he would go there
. 
a.       Direct    :     He said, “I have seen this woman.”
b.      Indirect    :     He said that he had seen that woman. 

a.       Direct    :  He said, “I saw this woman long ago.”
b.      Indirect    :  He said that he had seen that woman long before. 

a.        Direct     : He told me, “You may leave us now.”
b.        Indirect    : He told me that I might leave them then. 


2.       Command
Atau perintah misalnya ordered, commanded dan sebagainya yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan. Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to terlebih dahulu.

 Contoh : 
a.       Direct    : He said to his servant, “Go away at once !”
b.      Indirect    : He ordered his servant to go away at once.
  
a.       Direct     : She said to her son, “Study hard !.
b.      Indirect     : She advised her son to study hard
. 
a.       Direct      : He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pencil !.”
b.        Indirect     :   He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil. 

a.         Direct     : He said to his master, “Pardon me, Sir !.”
b.          Indirect    : He begged his master to pardon him. 

a.          Direct      : She said to her daughter, “Do not go there.”
b.           Indirect     : She forbade her daughter to go there.

3.       Question

A.      Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat Tanya, reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata Tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaanya dimulai denhgan kata Tanya diberitakan.
Contoh : 
a.       Direct      : He said to me, “Where are you going ?”
b.      Indirect      : He asked me where I was going. 

a.       Direct       : He said to him, “Why do you stop here ?”
b.      Indirect      : He asked him why he stopped there ?
  
a.       Direct       : He said to me, “What are you doing ?”
b.      Indirect       : He inquired of me what I was doing.


B.      Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting web dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaanya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan.
Contoh :   
a.       Direct       : He said to me, “ Are you going away today?”
b.      Indirect       : He asked me whether I was going away that day. 

a.       Direct        : He asked me, “Can you come along?”
b.      Indirect        : He asked me if I could come along. 

a.         Direct        : They asked, “Tuti, will you help us?”
b.         Indirect       : They asked Tuti if she would help them
. 
a.       Direct        : Rini sid to me, “ Do you see my pencil?”
b.      Indirect        : Rini asked me if I saw her pencil. 

a.         Direct       : Siti said to me, “Have you ever been to Bali”?
b.          Indirect      : Siti asked me if I had been to Bali.

REFERENSI :

         ABC ENGLISH GRAMMAR

John Surjadi H.

Drs. S. Koentjoro

Drs.Manaf Asmoro Seputro 

Interactive English Learning

Joko Koswara 

Learning to use English 2

Arifiyanti Nugrahani

Ferenando

     English for Communication

Brendan Heasley

     Bahasa Inggris Sstem 52 M

          Herpinus Simanjuntak

     Complete English Grammar

          M.J.Lado

Command & Request

BAB 2

Command and request

Definisi         :

Command adalah  kalimat yang menunjukan sebuah permohonan  atau sebuah kalimat yang berisi  sebuah perintah.

Contoh :

Be diligent !

Be patient !

Be punctual !

Be quiet !

Be careful !

Be serious !

Be polite !

Be honest !

Be calm !

Be loyal !

Request adalah kalimat yang menunjukan sebuah permintaan

Contoh :

Open the door !

Move a bit,please!

Push me !

Go there !

Cross the street !

Listen to the radio !

Stop that noise !

Stand in the corner !

Fry an egg !

Requst dalam contoh yang lain :

Would you explain the problem to me, please ?

Could you sow me the way to the hospital, please ?

Would you mind coming here again next week ?

Would you mind not speaking here ?

Do you mind my speaking here.

REFERENSI :

    ABC ENGLISH GRAMMAR

John Surjadi H.

Drs. S. Koentjoro

Drs.Manaf Asmoro Seputro

     Interactive English Learning

Joko Koswara

     Learning to use English 2

Arifiyanti Nugrahani

Ferenando 

English for Communication 

Brendan Heasley

     Bahasa Inggris Sstem 52 M

          Herpinus Simanjuntak

     Complete English Grammar

          M.J.Lado